Fékezési röntgensugárzás

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Fékezési sugárzás
Jelenség ismertetése

klasszikusan is értelmezhető, és adott paraméter intervallumban megfelelő a közelítés
gyorsuló elektromos töltés EM mezeje változó, mely felbontható EM hullámok összegére
- az EM hullámok energiát (és impulzust) visznek el
- csökken a mozgó töltés energiája
fékezési sugárzás: alkalmazás az elektronra
elektronokkal lőtt céltárgyak során EM sugárzás detektálható (katódsugárcső)

A sugárzás eredete

az atom távolról semleges, közelebbről negatív töltésű, nagyon közel pedig vonzó (atommag)
az elektronok hígan vannak, kicsi a hatásuk (de van)
- elektronállapotok gerjesztéseit megfigyelhetjük
- járulékot adnak a spektrumban, karakterisztikus sugárzás
az elektronfelhőn átjutott elektronokat a mag vonzza
a sugárzás a szórás közben fellépő gyorsulásból adódik

Mit akarunk tudni?

szeretnénk magyarázatot adni a mérési eredményre
- ha a teljes alakra közvetlenül nem is, de a maximális energiára igen
- a teljes alak többszörös szórási folyamatok, és nem kisszögű eltérülések járulékából adódik
pontosabban: meg szeretnénk határozni a differenciális sugárzási hatáskeresztmetszetet:

$\frac{d^{2} χ}{d ω d Ω} = \frac{d I}{d ω} \cdot \frac{d σ}{d Ω}$ (0.1)

melyben $ω$ a sugárzás frekvenciája, $\frac{d σ}{d Ω}$ a differenciális szórási hatáskeresztmetszet (ismert pl. Rutherford szórás esetén). Itt $d Ω$ a bejövő elektronáramhoz képesti elemi térszöget jelenti.

Hogyan számolunk?

Landau: perturbációként kezeli, és mint dipólussugárzás íjra le
- az sugárzás során az impulzusváltozást elhanyagoljuk, hisz dipólussugárzás során a kibocsátott impulzus 0
- kiszámoljuk a pályát 0-ad rendű közelítésben, a pálya során a gyorsulást, mint két, kúpszeleti (hiperbolikus) pályán mozgó töltésre, elhanyagolva a mag mozgását
- ismert gyorsulás $-$ kisugárzott energia összefüggésből kifejezhető a teljes kisugárzott energia
- probléma: számolás során bejönnek nevezetes, de nem hétköznapi függvények (Hankel függvények)
J. D. Jackson: általános r ( t ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbdfgBPjMCPbqefmuyTjMCPfgarmqr1ngBPrgitLxBI9gBamrr1ngBPrwtHrhAYaqeguuDJXwAKbstHrhAGq1DVbWefv3ySLgznfgDOfdarCqr1ngBPrginfgDObYtUvgarqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasaacH8qrps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0=yr0RYxir=Jbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaacaGacmGadaWaaiqacaabauaagaaakeaacaWHYbWaaeWaaeaacaWG0baacaGLOaGaayzkaaaaaa@4C78@ pálya, hosszas számolások
- határesetben egyszerűbb formulák
- csupán az eredmények felhasználásával, és gyors egymásba helyettesítésével megfelelő áttekintést kapunk

Intenzitás eloszlás vizsgálata - bevezetés

tetszőleges $r (τ)$ pályán mozgó ponttöltés Liénard-Wiechert-potenciálja

$A^{α} (x) = {\frac{e V^{α} (τ)}{V \cdot x - r (τ)} |}_{τ = τ_{0}}$ (1.1) téridő

ahol $V^{α}$ a mozgó ponttöltés négyessebessége, $τ_{0}$ -t a retardációs követelmény, ${(x - r (τ_{0}))}^{2} = 0$ egyenlet határozza meg, melyben $x$ a megfigyelési pont koordinátái.

To get the W3C Blue Style

The head element should include the following link to the style sheet:

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen, projection, print"
 href="http://www.w3.org/Talks/Tools/Slidy2/styles/w3c-blue.css" />

The body element's content should start with the following markup:

<div class="background"> 
  <img id="head-icon" alt="graphic with four colored squares"
    src="http://www.w3.org/Talks/Tools/Slidy2/graphics/icon-blue.png" /> 
  <object id="head-logo" title="W3C logo" type="image/svg+xml"
    data="http://www.w3.org/Talks/Tools/Slidy2/graphics/w3c-logo-white.svg"><img
   src="http://www.w3.org/Talks/Tools/Slidy2/graphics/w3c-logo-white.gif" 
   alt="W3C logo" id="head-logo-fallback" /></object>
</div>

This adds the logos on the top left and right corners of the slide.

You are of course welcome to create your own slide designs. You can provide different styles and backgrounds for different slides (more details later).

Use the meta element with name="copyright" for use in the slide show footer:

<meta name="copyright" 
content="Copyright &#169; 2005-2009 W3C (MIT, ERCIM, Keio)" />

Upgrading from previous versions of Slidy

This uses a new version of the HTML Slidy script
It is designed to work better with other scripts, e.g. for UI controls within your slides
- Only adds one global name "w3c_slidy"
- Doesn't interfere with other scripts that set event handers such as onload on body element
Works for slides delivered as text/html and application/xhtml+xml
New presentation timer feature
Initial prompt on first slide to help newcomers to Slidy
Better support for styling slides and printing them
Requires additional style rules, so new script won't work with old presentations without changes to their style sheets
- See slidy.css, and w3c-blue.css
But old presentations will work unchanged as they refer to the old script!

To use it off-line

You can download slidy.zip and unzip it to create a Slidy directory on your machine
If you have cvs access to the W3C site you can check out the Slidy directory
Remember to periodically check for updates
You then have two choices:
1. Use relative URIs depending on your local setup to access the appropriate files. Use the same directory structure as on the W3C server, ie, ".../2005/Talks/...".
2. Run a Web server on your machine so that the directory above can be accessed via http://localhost/Talks/Tools/Slidy2 and use the URIs of the form "/Talks/Tools/Slidy2/styles/slidy.css", "/Talks/Tools/Slidy2/scripts/slidy.js".
In both cases you can then publish your files on the W3C server unchanged.
NOTE Internet Explorer on Windows XP now disables scripting for web pages loaded directly from the local file system, a work around is to use another browser, e.g. Firefox or Opera
Please feel free to create your own designs, and help us to build a gallery of Slidy styles.
My Google TechTalk (1st Feb 2006) uses a notebook themed style

Timing Your Presentation

Sometimes it is handy to know just how much time you have to left to finish your presentation
To get this feature, add the following markup to the content of the head element, replacing 5 by the duration of your presentation in minutes
```
<meta name="duration" content="5" />
```
The time left in minutes and seconds is shown in the footer next to the slide number
The clock starts to run when you move away from the first slide
Moving back to the first slide pauses the clock

Generate a Title Page

If you want a separate title page with the W3C blue style, the first slide should be as follows:

<div class="slide cover"> 
 <img src="http://www.w3.org/Talks/Tools/Slidy2/graphics/keys.jpg" 
  alt="Cover page images (keys)" class="cover" /> 
 <br clear="all" />            
 <h1>HTML Slidy: Slide Shows in XHTML</h1> 
 <p><a href="http://www.w3.org/People/Raggett/">Dave Raggett,</a> 
 <a href="mailto:dsr@w3.org">dsr@w3.org</a></p> 
</div>

The w3c-blue.css style sheet looks for the classes "slide" and "cover" on div and img elements using the CSS selector div.slide.cover

This technique can be used to assign your slides to different classes with a different appearence for each such class.

Slidy also allows you to use different background markup for different slides, based upon shared class names, as in "foo" below. Backgrounds without additional class names are always shown except when the slide isn't transparent. You may need to tweak your custom style sheet.

<div class="background foo">
   ... background content ...
<div>

...

<div class="slide foo">
   ... slide content ...
<div>

Incremental display of slide contents

For incremental display, use class="incremental", for instance:

First bullet point
Second bullet point
Third bullet point

which is marked up as follows:

<ul class="incremental"> 
  <li>First bullet point</li> 
  <li>Second bullet point</li> 
  <li>Third bullet point</li> 
</ul> 
 
<p class="incremental">which is marked up as follows:</p> 
 
<pre class="incremental"> 
 ... 
</pre>

An element is incrementally revealed if its parent element has class="incremental" or if itself has that attribute. Text nodes are not elements and are revealed when their parent element is revealed. You can use class="incremental" on any element except for <br />. Use class="non-incremental" to override the effect of setting the parent element's class to incremental.

Note: you will see a red asterisk on the left of the toolbar when there is still something more to reveal.

Create outline lists with hidden content

You can make your bullet points or numbered list items into outlines that you can expand or collapse

Just add class="outline" to the ul or ol element. Click on this list item for more details.
- The Slidy script will then treat the list as an outline list.
- Clicking on outline list items will expand/collapse block-level elements within that list item.
- Click on the above to make this list item collapse again.
Users will then see expand/collapse icons as appropriate and may click anywhere on the list item to change its state. This particular list item can't be expanded or collapsed.
Add class="expand" to any li elements that you want to start in an expanded state.
- By default Slidy hides all the block level elements within the outline list items unless you have specified class="expand".
- Such pre-expanded items can be collapsed by clicking on them.
Note expand/collapse icon highlighting requires browser support for :hover which isn't supported by IE6.
- Microsoft says it will be supported by IE7 along with many fixes for other CSS woes in IE6.

<ol class='outline'>
  <!-- topic 1 starts collapsed -->
  <li>Topic 1
    <ol>
        <li>subtopic a</li>
        <li>subtopic b</li>
    </ol>
  </li>
  <!-- topic 2 starts expanded -->
  <li class="expand">Topic 2
    <ol>
        <li>subtopic c</li>
        <li>subtopic d</li>
    </ol>
  </li>
</ol>

Make your images scale with the browser window size

For adaptive layout, use percentage widths on images, together with CSS positioning:

CSS positioning is simpler and more reliable than using tables

<div class="slide"> 
  <h1>Analysts - "Open standards programming will become 
  mainstream, focused around VoiceXML"</h1> 
  <!-- use CSS positioning and scaling for adaptive layout --> 
  <img src="trends.png" width="50%" style="float:left" 
   alt="projected growth of VoiceXML" /> 

  <blockquote style="float:right;width: 35%"> 
    VoiceXML will dominate the voice environment, due to its 
    flexibility and eventual multimodal capabilities 
  </blockquote><br clear="all" /> 
 
  <p style="text-align:center">Source Data Monitor, March 
  2004</p> 
</div>

To work around a CSS rendering bug in IE relating to margins, you can set display:inline on floated elements.

Incremental display of layered images

These can be marked up using CSS relative positioning, e.g.

<div class="incremental" 
 style="margin-left: 4em; position: relative"> 
  <img src="graphics/face1.gif" alt="face" 
   style="position: static; vertical-align: bottom"/> 
  <img src="graphics/face2.gif" alt="eyes" 
    style="position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0" /> 
  <img src="graphics/face3.gif" alt="nose" 
    style="position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0" /> 
  <img src="graphics/face4.gif" alt="mouth" 
    style="position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0" /> 
</div>

You should also use transparent GIF images to avoid the IE/Win bug for alpha channel in PNG. A fix is expected in IE 7. A work around is available on skyzyx.com. My thanks to ACID2 for the graphics.

How to center content vertically and horizontally

Within the div element for your slide:

<div class="vbox"></div>
<div class="hbox">
Place the content here
</div>

and style it with the following:

div.vbox {
  float: left;
  height: 40%; width: 50%;
  margin-top: -220px;
}
div.hbox {
  width:60%;  margin-top: 0;
  margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;
  height: 60%;
  border:1px solid silver;
  background:#F0F0F0;
  overflow:auto;
  text-align:left;
  clear:both;
}

The above styling is included in w3c-blue.css, which is designed to be used with slidy.css, but you are encouraged to develop your own style sheet with your own look and feel.

Include SVG Content

Inclusion of SVG content can be done using the object element, for example:

has been achieved by:

<object data="graphics/example.svg" type="image/svg+xml" 
  width="50%" height="10%" title="Indian Office logo"> 
    <img src="graphics/example.png" width="50%" 
          alt="Indian Office logo" /> 
</object>

This ensures that the enclosed png is displayed when the browser has no plugin installed or can't display SVG directly. Providing such a fall back is very important! Don't forget the alt text for people who can't see the image.

However, there are caveats, see the next slide!

Caveats with SVG+object

Adobe has recently withdrawn support for its SVG Viewer, so you are recommended to consider alternatives. If you still using the Adobe SVG viewer you should be aware of bugs when using the it with IE, Namely:

Most modern browsers generally support SVG SVG Tiny 1.1 or better natively without the need for a plugin
If you need to use Internet Explorer you are advised to upgrade to IE9 which includes native support for SVG.
Patches to Internet Explorer mean that the Adobe SVG Viewer version 3.03 no longer works with IE6. You are therefore recommended to uninstall version 3.03 and instead install Adobe SVG Viewer 6.0 preview if this is available to to you.
IE6 makes a copy of the SVG file on the local disc when displaying it; but doesn't pass the original URI to the plugin
As a result relative references from within the SVG to external resources (scripts, CSS, images, other SVG) will break.
The work around is to use absolute references within your SVG.
On Windows, the Adobe SVG plugin doesn't respect the CSS z-index property, and if used on backgrounds will always show through other content

Additional Remarks

Slides are auto-numbered on the slide show footer
You can link into the middle of a slide show:
- It works out which slide you want and hides the rest
- You can even link between slides in the same slide show
- Individual sides can be addressed with the syntax #(slide number),
  e.g. slide 3 of this presentation is: http://www.w3.org/Talks/Tools/Slidy#(3)
  - Previous versions of Slidy used square brackets, which will also work.
- Note that the browser's back/forward buttons may not work as you might expect due to browser problems.
Adding "title" to the list of classes for div elements that serve as title pages will render the corresponding entry in the table of contents in bold italic text (press "C" now for an example)
If your slides have more content than normal, use a meta element to request a smaller font
- the following requests fonts to be one step smaller than the Slidy default for the current window width, and positive integers will make the fonts correspondingly larger
```
<meta name="font-size-adjustment" content="-1" /> 
```
- Slidy uses JavaScript to dynamically set the font size on the body element, but it is okay to specify relative font changes on other elements within your own style sheet, e.g.
```
div.slide.large { font-size: 200% }
```
You are encouraged to ensure your markup is valid. HTML Tidy can be used to find and correct common markup problems
The slide show script and style sheet can be used freely under W3C's software licensing and document use policies
At XTech2006 I gave this presentation on Slidy (Paper).

Localization and automatic translation

Slidy now includes support for localization

"es":this.strings_es, "ca":this.strings_ca, "cs":this.strings_cs, "nl":this.strings_nl, "de":this.strings_de, "pl":this.strings_pl, "fr":this.strings_fr, "hu":this.strings_hu, "it":this.strings_it, "el":this.strings_el, "jp":this.strings_ja, "zh":this.strings_zh, "ru":this.strings_ru, "sv":this.strings_sv

The tool bar is localized according to the language of the presentation
This is taken from the xml:lang or lang attributes on the html element
The help file is selected based upon your browser's language preferences
As of 29th July 2010, the languages supported are: English, Spanish, Catalonian, Czech, Dutch, German, Polish, French, Hungarian, Italian, Greek, Japanese, Chinese, Russian and Swedish
If you would like to contribute localizations for other languages, please get in touch with Dave Raggett <dsr@w3.org>
The following illustrates what was used for Spanish

// for each language there is an associative array
  strings_es: {
    "slide":"pág.",
    "help?":"Ayuda",
    "contents?":"Índice",
    "table of contents":"tabla de contenidos",
    "Table of Contents":"Tabla de Contenidos",
    "restart presentation":"Reiniciar presentación",
    "restart?":"Inicio"
  },
  help_es:
    "Utilice el ratón, barra espaciadora, teclas Izda/Dcha, " +
    "o Re pág y Av pág. Use S y B para cambiar el tamaño de fuente.",

Note: Slidy now works with current slides translated into French. Use right mouse button to open frame without Google header. To disable automatic translation of the content of particular elements add class="notranslate", see breaking the language barrier.

Future Plans

Recent additions have included a table of contents, and a way to hide and reveal content in the spirit of outline lists. The script has been rewritten to make it easier to combine with other scripts, e.g. for UI controls, and support swipes for navigation on touch screen devices. Further work is anticipated on the following:

Collecting a gallery of good looking slide themes
- Opportunities for graphics designers!
Bob Ferris has worked on a number of UI extensions which could be incorporated into the W3C slidy script.
Getting SVG Tiny to work on IE without need for SVG plugin
- Using scripts to dynamically convert SVG Tiny to VML
- Note that IE9 introduces native SVG support, so it may no longer be worth working on SVG to VML for rendering of SVG
Pre-alpha version of wysiwyg slide editor (see screenshot)
- Using contentEditable when available, otherwise falling back to textarea and plain text conventions
- Using XMLHttpRequest to dynamically reflect changes to server
Mechanism for remotely driving Slidy as part of distributed meetings
- Using XMLHttpRequest to listen for navigation commands
- Using VoIP for accompanying audio and teleconferencing
- Synchronizing recorded spoken presentation with currently viewed slide
Filters from PowerPoint and Open Office
- and export to PDF via PrinceXML

If you have comments, suggestions for improvements, or would like to volunteer your help with further work on Slidy, please contact Dave Raggett <dsr@w3.org>

Acknowledgements

My thanks to everyone who sent in bug reports and feature requests
Opera Software for implementing CSS @media projection and promoting the idea of using the Web for presentations with Opera Show
Tantek Çelik for his pioneering work on applying JavaScript for slide presentations on other browsers
Eric Meyer for taking this further with the excellent S5
W3C's slidemaker tool, which uses a perl script to split an html file up into one file per slide with navigation buttons
Early versions of HTML Tidy which supported a means to create presentations via splitting html files on h2 elements
Many sites with advice on JavaScript work arounds for browser variations
Microsoft for pioneering contentEditable and XMLHTTP which both provide tremendous opportunities for Web applications
Microsoft Office which provided the impetus for creating Slidy as a Web-based alternative to the ubiquitous use of PowerPoint

Note that while Slidy and S5 were developed independently, both support the use of the class values "slide" and "handout" for div elements. Slidy doesn't support the "layout" class featured in S5 and Opera Show, but instead provides a more flexible alternative with the "background" class, which enables different backgrounds on different slides.

Acknowledgements

The following people have contributed localizations:

Emmanuelle Gutiérrez y Restrepo, Spanish
Joan V. Baz, Catalan
Jakub Vrána, Czech
Ruud Steltenpool, Dutch
Beat Vontobel, German
Krzysztof Kotowicz, Polish
Tamas Horvath, Hungarian
Creso Moraes, Brazilian Portuguese
Giuseppe Scollo, Italian
Konstantinos Koukopoulos, Greek
Yoshikazu Sawa (澤義和), Japanese
Shelley Shyan, Chinese
Andrew Pantyukhin, Russian
Saasha Metsärantala, Swedish

The following people have contributed bug reports:

Ivan Herman
Steve Bratt
Peter Patel-Schneider
Matthew Coller
Rune Heggtveit
Gopal Venkatesan
Cay Horstmann
Schuyler Duveen
Matteo Nannini
Ralph Swick
Jakub Vrána
Philip Bolt
Jon Frost

Douglas Crockford for jsmin which was used to minify the script before compressing it with gzip.

Fékezési röntgensugárzás

Fékezési sugárzás Jelenség ismertetése

A sugárzás eredete

Mit akarunk tudni?

Hogyan számolunk?

Intenzitás eloszlás vizsgálata - bevezetés

To get the W3C Blue Style

Upgrading from previous versions of Slidy

To use it off-line

Timing Your Presentation

Generate a Title Page

Incremental display of slide contents

Create outline lists with hidden content

Make your images scale with the browser window size

Incremental display of layered images

How to center content vertically and horizontally

Include SVG Content

Caveats with SVG+object

Additional Remarks

Localization and automatic translation

Future Plans

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

Fékezési sugárzás
Jelenség ismertetése